Micron Document
The C Programming Language, Ansi C

By Brian W Kernighan,Dennis M Ritchie

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Contents

Preface
Preface to the first edition
Introduction
1.1 Getting Started
1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions
1.3 The for statement
1.4 Symbolic Constants
1.5.1 File Copying
1.5.2 Character Counting
1.5.3 Line Counting
1.5.4 Word Counting
1.6 Arrays
1.7 Functions
1.8 Arguments - Call by Value
1.9 Character Arrays
1.10 External Variables and Scope
2.1 Variable Names
2.2 Data Types and Sizes
2.3 Constants
2.4 Declarations
2.5 Arithmetic Operators
2.6 Relational and Logical Operators
2.7 Type Conversions
2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators
2.9 Bitwise Operators
2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions
2.11 Conditional Expressions
2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation
3.1 Statements and Blocks
3.2 If-Else
3.3 Else-If
3.4 Switch
3.5 Loops - While and For
3.6 Loops - Do-While
3.7 Break and Continue
3.8 Goto and labels
4.1 Basics of Functions
4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers
4.3 External Variables
4.4 Scope Rules
4.5 Header Files
4.6 Static Variables
4.7 Register Variables
4.8 Block Structure
4.9 Initialization
4.10 Recursion
4.11.1 File Inclusion
4.11.2 Macro Substitution
4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion
5.1 Pointers and Addresses
5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments
5.3 Pointers and Arrays
5.4 Address Arithmetic
5.5 Character Pointers and Functions
5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers
5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays
5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays
5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays
5.10 Command-line Arguments
5.11 Pointers to Functions
5.12 Complicated Declarations
6.1 Basics of Structures
6.2 Structures and Functions
6.3 Arrays of Structures
6.4 Pointers to Structures
6.5 Self-referential Structures
6.6 Table Lookup
6.7 Typedef
6.8 Unions
6.9 Bit-fields
7.1 Standard Input and Output
7.2 Formatted Output - printf
7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists
7.4 Formatted Input - Scanf
7.5 File Access
7.6 Error Handling - Stderr and Exit
7.7 Line Input and Output
7.8.1 String Operations
7.8.2 Character Class Testing and Conversion
7.8.3 Ungetc
7.8.4 Command Execution
7.8.5 Storage Management
7.8.6 Mathematical Functions
7.8.7 Random Number generation
8.1 File Descriptors
8.2 Low Level I/O - Read and Write
8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink
8.4 Random Access - Lseek
8.5 Example - An implementation of Fopen and Getc
8.6 Example - Listing Directories
8.7 Example - A Storage Allocator
A.1 Introduction
A.2.1 Tokens
A.2.2 Comments
A.2.3 Identifiers
A.2.4 Keywords
A.2.5 Constants
A.2.6 String Literals
A.3 Syntax Notation
A.4.1 Storage Class
A.4.2 Basic Types
A.4.3 Derived types
A.4.4 Type Qualifiers
A.5 Objects and Lvalues
A.6.1 Integral Promotion
A.6.2 Integral Conversions
A.6.3 Integer and Floating
A.6.4 Floating Types
A.6.5 Arithmetic Conversions
A.6.6 Pointers and Integers
A.6.7 Void
A.6.8 Pointers to Void
A.7.1 Pointer Conversion
A.7.2 Primary Expressions
A.7.3 Postfix Expressions
A.7.4 Unary Operators
A.7.5 Casts
A.7.6 Multiplicative Operators
A.7.7 Additive Operators
A.7.8 Shift Operators
A.7.9 Relational Operators
A.7.10 Equality Operators
A.7.11 Bitwise AND Operator
A.7.12 Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator
A.7.13 Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator
A.7.14 Logical AND Operator
A.7.15 Logical OR Operator
A.7.16 Conditional Operator
A.7.17 Assignment Expressions
A.7.18 Comma Operator
A.7.19 Constant Expressions
A.8.1 Storage Class Specifiers
A.8.2 Type Specifiers
A.8.3 Structure and Union Declarations
A.8.4 Enumerations
A.8.5 Declarators
A.8.6 Meaning of Declarators
A.8.7 Initialization
A.8.8 Type names
A.8.9 Typedef
A.8.10 Type Equivalence
A.9.1 Labeled Statements
A.9.2 Expression Statement
A.9.3 Compound Statement
A.9.4 Selection Statements
A.9.5 Iteration Statements
A.9.6 Jump statements
A.10.1 Function Definitions
A.10.2 External Declarations
A.11.1 Lexical Scope
A.11.2 Linkage
A.12.1 Trigraph Sequences
A.12.2 Line Splicing
A.12.3 Macro Definition and Expansion
A.12.4 File Inclusion
A.12.5 Conditional Compilation
A.12.6 Line Control
A.12.7 Error Generation
A.12.8 Pragmas
A.12.9 Null directive
A.12.10 Predefined names
A.13 Grammar
B.1.1 File Operations
B.1.2 Formatted Output
B.1.3 Formatted Input
B.1.4 Character Input and Output Functions
B.1.5 Direct Input and Output Functions
B.1.6 File Positioning Functions
B.1.7 Error Functions
B.2 Character Class Tests: <ctype.h>
B.3 String Functions: <string.h>
B.4 Mathematical Functions: <math.h>
B.5 Utility Functions: <stdlib.h>
B.6 Diagnostics: <assert.h>
B.7 Variable Argument Lists: <stdarg.h>
B.8 Non-local Jumps: <setjmp.h>
B.9 Signals: <signal.h>
B.10 Date and Time Functions: <time.h>
B.11 Implementation-defined Limits: <limits.h> and <float.h>
Appendix C - Summary of Changes
Contents

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